Acute Reference Doses for Agricultural and Veterinary Chemicals

A

Abamectin (sum of abamectin + 8,9-Z Isomer)

0.002

0.25

6-Aug-18

Based on the overall NOAEL of 0.25 mg/kg bw per day for clinical signs in dogs (mydriasis) observed in the first week of treatment at 0.5 mg/kg bw per day.

A total uncertainty factor of 100 has been applied. The ARfD also applies to the 8,9-Z isomer of avermectin B_1a and 24-hydroxymethyl abamectin.

The 24-hydroxymethyl metabolite of abamectin is regarded as having no greater toxicity than the parent molecule.

Single dose study in humans. No inhibition of erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase activity was reported in either sex at any dose. No clinically significant changes were seen in vital signs or on electrocardiography, haematology, clinical chemistry, urine analysis or physical examination. The NOAEL was 1.2 mg/kg bw per day, the highest dose tested.

The critical toxicological effect of acephate is the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity in the nervous system, an effect that is dependent on Cmax rather than on the area under the curve (AUC). Data on inhibition in vitro indicate that human brain acetylcholinesterase is slightly less sensitive to inhibition by acephate than is rat brain acetylcholinesterase. Well conducted toxicokinetics studies, available for both rats and humans, show that there is no significant difference between the two species; in particular, Cmax values have the same relationship to administered dose in the two species, and acephate is rapidly absorbed and eliminated in both species. Data for rats in vivo indicate that inhibition of brain acetylcholinesterase activity occurs at lower doses than those required for a similar level of inhibition of erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase activity. Data for dogs and monkeys in vivo indicate that brain and erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase activities are nearly equally inhibited at any given dose, and do not show the difference seen in rats, which might thus be rat-specific. Well-conducted single- and repeated-dose studies in humans clearly demonstrated a dose where no inhibition of blood cholinesterase activities occurred. Data from animals in vivo do not show sex differences in inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity or clinical signs. Since there is no interspecies extrapolation, an overall safety factor of 10 was used.

Acetamiprid

0.1

10

27-Jul-01

Single-dose gavage neurotoxicity rat study; a NOAEL of 10 mg/kg bw was based on reductions in locomotor activity at the next higher dose.

Acetyl isovaleryltylosin tartrate

1.86

360

21-Aug-06

Acute oral mouse study; a NOAEL of 360 mg/kg bw was based on the clinical signs observed at the next higher dose.

Acibenzolar-S-methyl

0.01

10 [LOAEL]

23-Apr-02

Developmental rat study; based on haemorrhagic discharge in dams at LOAEL of 10 mg/kg bw/d.

Aldicarb

0.001

0.01

15-Dec-99

Human acute study; a NOAEL of 0.01 mg/kg bw was based on significant and dose-related RBC AChE inhibition at the next higher dose.

Ametoctradin

1-Feb-12

ARfD considered to be unnecessary due to its low oral toxicity or the absence of any developmental toxicity after a single dose.

Aminopyralid

10-Jan-17

ARfD considered to be unnecessary due to its low oral toxicity or the absence of any developmental toxicity after a single dose.

Amisulbrom

14-Jun-16

ARfD considered to be unnecessary due to its low oral toxicity or the absence of any developmental toxicity after a single dose.

Atrazine

05-Dec-00

ARfD considered to be unnecessary due to its low oral toxicity or the absence of any developmental toxicity after a single dose.

Aureobasidium pullulans

21-Feb-17

ARfD unnecessary. Naturally occurring organism - residues from its use are unlikely to be distinguishable from naturally occurring background levels of the organism.

Azafenidin

0.016

16

04-Jul-01

Developmental rat study; a NOAEL of 16 mg/kg bw/d was based on increased incidence of resorptions (predominantly early) at the next higher dose.

ARfD for azafenidin only applies to women of child-bearing age. An ARfD for the general population is considered to be unnecessary.

Azimsulfuron

10-Jan-17

ARfD considered to be unnecessary due to its low oral toxicity or the absence of any developmental toxicity after a single dose.

Azinphos-methyl

0.075

0.75

05-Dec-00

Acute human study; a NOAEL of 0.75 mg/kg bw was based on the absence of RBC ChE inhibition or clinical signs.

Azoxystrobin

21-Apr-17

ARfD considered to be unnecessary due to its low oral toxicity and the absence of any developmental toxicity after a single dose.

B

Bacillus amyloliquefaciens

09-May-02

ARfD unnecessary. Naturally occurring organism - residues from its use are unlikely to be distinguishable from naturally occurring background levels of the organism.

Bacillus licheniformis

09-May-02

ARfD unnecessary. Naturally occurring organism - residues from its use are unlikely to be distinguishable from naturally occurring background levels of the organism.

Bacillus sphaericus strain 2362

09-May-03

ARfD unnecessary. Naturally occurring organism - residues from its use are unlikely to be distinguishable from naturally occurring background levels of the organism.

Bacillus subtilis (see Bacillus amyloliquefaciens)

Bacillus thuringiensis

6-Sep-02

ARfD unnecessary. Naturally occurring organism - residues from its use are unlikely to be distinguishable from naturally occurring background levels of the organism.

Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. thuringiensis serotype 1 (strain MPPL 002)

28-Aug-03

ARfD unnecessary. Naturally occurring organism - residues from its use are unlikely to be distinguishable from naturally occurring background levels of the organism.

Bentazone

21-Apr-17

ARfD considered to be unnecessary due to its low oral toxicity and the absence of any developmental toxicity after a single dose.

Benzylpenicillin procaine

10-Oct-16

ARfD considered to be unnecessary due to its low oral toxicity or the absence of any developmental toxicity after a single dose.

Bicyclopyrone

0.01

1

10-Jan-17

Developmental rabbit study; a NOAEL of 1 mg/kg bw/d was based on increased incidence of urogenital malformations along with skeletal variations at the next higher dose.

ARfD for bicyclopyrone only applies to women of child-bearing age. An ARfD for the general population is considered to be unnecessary.

Bifenazate

10-Jan-17

ARfD considered to be unnecessary due to its low oral toxicity or the absence of any developmental toxicity after a single dose.

Bitertanol

21-Apr-17

ARfD considered to be unnecessary due to its low oral toxicity and the absence of any developmental toxicity after a single dose.

Bixafen

0.2

20

18-Jan-16

Developmental rat study; a NOAEL of 20 mg/kg bw/d was based on reduced body weight gain in dams and foetuses at the next higher dose.

Boscalid

10-Jan-17

ARfD considered to be unnecessary due to its low oral toxicity or the absence of any developmental toxicity after a single dose.

Bromide

10-Oct-16

ARfD considered to be unnecessary due to its low oral toxicity or the absence of any developmental toxicity after a single dose.

Bupivacaine

17-Feb-17

There was insufficient information to establish an ARfD, however, based on its proposed pattern of use the dietary intake is likely to be low.

Buprofezin

0.5

50

31-Oct-06

Developmental rabbit study; a NOAEL of 50 mg/kg bw/d was based on bodyweight loss at the next higher dose.

Butafenacil

19-Nov-01

ARfD considered to be unnecessary due to its low oral toxicity or the absence of any developmental toxicity after a single dose.

C

Captan

0.1

10

18-May-07

Developmental rabbit study; a NOAEL of 10 mg/kg bw/d was based on reduced maternal body weight and increased skeletal variations in foetuses at the next higher dose.

ARfD for captan only applies to women of child-bearing age. An ARfD for the general population is considered to be unnecessary.

Carbaryl

0.01

1

13-Dec-02

Subchronic neurotoxicity rat study; a NOAEL of 1 mg/kg bw/d was based on behavioural indications of autonomic neurotoxicity and reduced brain, plasma and RBC ChE activity at the next higher dose.

Carbendazim

0.05

50 [LOAEL]

15-Feb-11

Special acute study in male rats; based on significant testicular and efferent ductal alterations at 50 mg/kg bw, the lowest dose tested.

The ARfD is also supported by an acute in vivo genotoxicity study, with increased frequencies of micronuclei were observed in spermatids at a LOAEL of 50 mg/kg bw

Ceftiofur (as free acids and salts)

10-Feb-17

ARfD considered to be unnecessary due to its low oral toxicity or the absence of any developmental toxicity after a single dose.

Cephalexin

22-Nov-00

ARfD is considered to be unnecessary; therapeutic dose for adults ranges between 1-4 g/day.

Cetrimide

10-Feb-17

ARfD considered to be unnecessary due to its low oral toxicity or the absence of any developmental toxicity after a single dose.

Chlorantraniliprole

9-May-08

ARfD considered to be unnecessary due to its low oral toxicity or the absence of any developmental toxicity after a single dose.

Chlorfenvinphos

0.02

1.9

05-Dec-00

14-day mouse study; a NOAEL of 1.9 mg/kg bw/d was based on inhibition of RBC ChE activity at the next higher dose.

Chlormequat

0.07

7.5

23-Jun-05

2-year dietary dog study; a NOAEL of 7.5 mg/kg bw/d was based on excessive salivation and muscle weakness observed after a single dose.

Chloropicrin

16-Jan-14

ARfD considered to be unnecessary due to its low oral toxicity or the absence of any developmental toxicity after a single dose.

Chlorpyrifos

0.1

1

05-Dec-00

Single dose human study; a NOAEL of 1 mg/kg bw/d was based on inhibition of RBC ChE activity at the next higher dose.

Cinmethylin

0.3

30

20-Aug-03

Developmental rat study; a NOAEL of 30 mg/kg bw/d was based on clinical signs (excess salivation and urine stained abdominal fur) at the next higher dose.

Clethodim

2-May-17

ARfD considered to be unnecessary due to its low oral toxicity and the absence of any developmental toxicity after a single dose.

Clitoria ternatea

23-Nov-15

ARfD unnecessary. Naturally occurring organism - residues from its use are unlikely to be distinguishable from naturally occurring background levels of the organism.

d-Cloprostenol

21-Feb-17

ARfD considered to be unnecessary due to its low oral toxicity or the absence of any developmental toxicity after a single dose.

Cloquintocet acid

05-Jul-16

ARfD considered to be unnecessary due to its low oral toxicity or the absence of any developmental toxicity after a single dose.

Clothianidin

0.2

25

01-Aug-03

Acute neurotoxicity mouse study; a NOAEL of 25 mg/kg bw was based on clinical signs (reduced spontaneous activity) at the next higher dose.

Codling Moth Granulosis Virus

25-Nov-02

ARfD unnecessary. Naturally occurring organism - residues from its use are unlikely to be distinguishable from naturally occurring background levels of the organism.

Cyantraniliprole

21-Jan-13

ARfD considered to be unnecessary due to its low oral toxicity or the absence of any developmental toxicity after a single dose.

Cyazofamid

6-Jun-13

ARfD considered to be unnecessary due to its low oral toxicity or the absence of any developmental toxicity after a single dose.

Cyclaniliprole

29-Feb-16

ARfD considered to be unnecessary due to its low oral toxicity or the absence of any developmental toxicity after a single dose.

Cyflufenamid

10-Feb-17

ARfD considered to be unnecessary due to its low oral toxicity or the absence of any developmental toxicity after a single dose.

Cyhalofop-butyl

10-Feb-17

ARfD considered to be unnecessary due to its low oral toxicity or the absence of any developmental toxicity after a single dose.

D

Decoquinate

4-Jun-13

ARfD considered to be unnecessary due to its low oral toxicity or the absence of any developmental toxicity after a single dose.

Derquantel

0.01

1

27-May-11

Acute neurotoxicity dog study; a NOAEL of 1 mg/kg bw was based on clinical signs (mydriasis, ptosis, dry eyes) at the next higher dose.

Dexamethasone

10-Oct-16

ARfD considered to be unnecessary due to its low oral toxicity or the absence of any developmental toxicity after a single dose.

Diazinon

0.01

0.2

20-Dec-02

Acute dose human volunteer study; a NOAEL of 0.2 mg/kg bw was based on RBC ChE inhibition at the next higher dose.

2,6 dichlorobenzamide (BAM)

0.6

60

26-Nov-15

Developmental rat study; a NOAEL of 60 mg/kg bw/d was based on increased incidence of skeletal defects of the vertebrae and sternebrae at the next higher dose.

ARfD for 2,6 dichlorobenzamide (BAM) applies to the general population.

2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D)

0.8

75

12-Sep-06

Acute neurotoxicity rat study; a NOAEL of 75 mg/kg bw was based on gait/coordination effects and decreased motor activity at the next higher dose.

Dichlorprop-P

10-Feb-17

ARfD considered to be unnecessary due to its low oral toxicity or the absence of any developmental toxicity after a single dose.

Dichlorvos

0.1

1

06-Apr-04

Single oral dose human volunteer study; a NOAEL of 1 mg/kg bw was based on the absence of any reduction in RBC ChE activity at 1 mg/kg bw, the only dose tested.

Difethialone

0.0005

0.48 [LOAEL]

17-Apr-07

Acute oral rat study; a LOAEL of 0.48 mg/kg bw was based on death. 

Dimethenamid-P

0.25

25

12-Aug-03

Developmental rat study; a NOAEL of 25 mg/kg bw/d was based on signs of toxicity in the foetus (reduced bodyweight and incomplete ossification) at the next higher dose.

ARfD for dimethenamid-P only applies to women of child-bearing age. An ARfD for the general population is considered to be unnecessary. Note: Dimethenamid-P, the S-isomer, and its racemic mixture have equivalent toxicity at similar dose levels.

Dimethoate

0.02

0.2

23-Nov-10

Human volunteer study; a NOAEL of 0.2 mg/kg bw/d was based on ChE inhibition in whole blood at the next higher dose.

Dinotefuran

1.25

125

10-Aug-15

Developmental rabbit study; a NOAEL of 125 mg/kg bw/d was based on reduced body weight gain at the next higher dose.

Diphenylamine

21-Apr-17

ARfD considered to be unnecessary due to its low oral toxicity and the absence of any developmental toxicity after a single dose. (JMPR-98)

Diuron

10-Feb-17

ARfD considered to be unnecessary due to its low oral toxicity or the absence of any developmental toxicity after a single dose.

Doramectin

0.02

1.5

14-Oct-02

Developmental rabbit study; a NOAEL of 1.5 mg/kg bw/d was based on maternal toxicity with major malformations (cleft palate, phocomelia, syndactyly and coelosomia) observed in fetuses at 3 mg/kg bw/d and delayed ossification observed at 1.5 and 3 mg/kg bw/d.

ARfD for doramectin only applies to women of child-bearing age. An ARfD for the general population is considered to be unnecessary.

E

JMPR 2011

Enterococcus faecium

4-Sep-02

ARfD unnecessary. Naturally occurring organism - residues from its use are unlikely to be distinguishable from naturally occurring background levels of the organism.

Epoxiconazole

0.2

20

16-Apr-02

Developmental rabbit study; a NOAEL of 20 mg/kg bw/d was based on increased incidence of resorptions at the next higher dose.

ARfD for epoxiconazole only applies to women of child-bearing age. An ARfD for the general population is considered to be unnecessary.

Ethametsulfuron-methyl

17-Jan-01

ARfD considered to be unnecessary due to its low oral toxicity or the absence of any developmental toxicity after a single dose.

Ethoxysulfuron

10-Feb-17

ARfD considered to be unnecessary due to its low oral toxicity or the absence of any developmental toxicity after a single dose.

Ethyl formate

26-Nov-03

ARfD considered to be unnecessary due to its low oral toxicity or the absence of any developmental toxicity after a single dose.

Etoxazole

10-Feb-17

ARfD considered to be unnecessary due to its low oral toxicity or the absence of any developmental toxicity after a single dose.

F

Fenamiphos

0.003

0.25

07-Nov-05

Acute oral dog study; a NOAEL of 0.25 mg/kg bw was based on inhibition of RBC ChE activity at the next higher dose.

Fenbuconazole

10-Feb-17

ARfD considered to be unnecessary due to its low oral toxicity or the absence of any developmental toxicity after a single dose.

Fenhexamid

2-May-17

ARfD considered to be unnecessary due to its low oral toxicity and the absence of any developmental toxicity after a single dose.

Fenitrothion

0.03

0.33

05-Dec-00

Acute single dose human volunteer study; a NOAEL of 0.33 mg/kg bw was based on the absence of any inhibition of plasma and RBC ChE activity at the highest tested dose.

Fenpyrazamine

0.8

80

15-Feb-17

Acute neurotoxicity rat study; a NOAEL of 80 mg/kg bw was based on a reduction in motor activity and number of rearings at the next higher dose.

Fipronil

0.02

2.5

19-Jun-06

Two acute oral neurotoxicity rat studies; a NOAEL of 2.5 mg/kg bw was based on reduced footsplay at the next higher dose.

This is a group ARfD value which includes fipronil, desulfinyl fipronil, fipronil sulphide and fipronil sulphone.

Flazasulfuron

26-Sep-11

ARfD considered to be unnecessary due to its low oral toxicity or the absence of any developmental toxicity after a single dose.

Flonicamid

10-Feb-17

ARfD considered to be unnecessary due to its low oral toxicity or the absence of any developmental toxicity after a single dose.

Florasulam

26-May-09

ARfD considered to be unnecessary due to its low oral toxicity or the absence of any developmental toxicity after a single dose.

Florfenicol

4-Jan-01

ARfD considered unnecesary due to its low oral toxicity after a single dose; structural analogs of florfenicol have a long history of therapeutic use without acute effects.

Flubendiamide

14-Dec-07

ARfD considered to be unnecessary due to its low oral toxicity or the absence of any developmental toxicity after a single dose.

Fludioxonil

2-May-17

ARfD considered to be unnecessary due to its low oral toxicity and the absence of any developmental toxicity after a single dose.

Flufenoxuron

2-May-17

ARfD considered to be unnecessary due to its low oral toxicity and the absence of any developmental toxicity after a single dose.

Flumethrin

04-Sep-01

ARfD considered to be unnecessary due to its low oral toxicity or the absence of any developmental toxicity after a single dose.

Flumiclorac pentyl

08-Dec-04

ARfD considered to be unnecessary due to its low oral toxicity or the absence of any developmental toxicity after a single dose.

Flumioxazin

0.03

3

12-Dec-02

Developmental rat study; a NOAEL of 3 mg/kg bw/d was based on embryo/foetal developmental toxicity with increased incidences of cardiovascular abnormalities at the next higher dose.

ARfD for flumioxazin only applies to women of child-bearing age. An ARfD for the general population is considered to be unnecessary.

Flunixin meglumine

0.02

2

01-Aug-02

6-week rat study; a NOAEL of 2 mg/kg bw/d was based clinical signs (reduced activity) at the next higher dose.

Fluopicolide

0.6

60

26-Nov-15

Developmental rat study; a NOAEL of 60 mg/kg bw/d was based on increased incidence of skeletal defects of the vertebrae and sternebrae at the next higher dose.

ARfD for fluopicolide only applies to women of child-bearing age. An ARfD for the general population is considered to be unnecessary.

Fluopyram

0.5

50

06-Jul-15

Acute neurotoxicity rat study; a NOAEL of 50 mg/kg bw/d was based on slightly lower motor and locomotor activity at the next higher dose.

Flupyradifurone

0.35

35

11-Aug-15

Acute neurotoxicity rat study; a NOAEL of 35 mg/kg bw was based on increased incidences of piloerection and increased incidences of pupil dilation at the next higher dose.

Flutolanil

28-Aug-01

ARfD considered to be unnecessary due to its low oral toxicity or the absence of any developmental toxicity after a single dose.

Fluxapyroxad

30-Jan-12

ARfD considered to be unnecessary due to its low oral toxicity or the absence of any developmental toxicity after a single dose.

G

Glufosinate ammonium

28-Aug-01

ARfD considered to be unnecessary due to its low oral toxicity or the absence of any developmental toxicity after a single dose.

Glyphosate

2-May-17

ARfD considered to be unnecessary due to its low oral toxicity and the absence of any developmental toxicity after a single dose.

H

Halauxifen-methyl

17-Sep-14

ARfD considered to be unnecessary due to its low oral toxicity or the absence of any developmental toxicity after a single dose.

Halofuginone

0.0003

0.025

16-Jun-06

Developmental rabbit study; a NOAEL of 0.025 mg/kg bw/d was based on reduced body weight gain and food consumption, mortality and abortions at the next higher dose.

ARfD for halofuginone only applies to women of child-bearing age. An ARfD for the general population is considered to be unnecessary.

Hexaflumuron

31-Aug-01

ARfD considered to be unnecessary due to its low oral toxicity or the absence of any developmental toxicity after a single dose.

Hexythiazox

2-May-17

ARfD considered to be unnecessary due to its low oral toxicity and the absence of any developmental toxicity after a single dose.

I

Imazalil

0.05

5

29-Jan-07

Developmental rabbit study; a NOAEL of 0.05 mg/kg bw/d was based on increased number of resorptions and a reduced number of live pups at the next higher dose.

ARfD for imazalil only applies to women of child-bearing age. An ARfD for the general population is considered to be unnecessary.

Imazapic

2-May-17

ARfD considered to be unnecessary due to its low oral toxicity and the absence of any developmental toxicity after a single dose.

Imazapyr

2-May-17

ARfD considered to be unnecessary due to its low oral toxicity and the absence of any developmental toxicity after a single dose.

Imazethapyr

2-May-17

ARfD considered to be unnecessary due to its low oral toxicity and the absence of any developmental toxicity after a single dose.

Indoxacarb (S-Isomer) + R-Isomer

0.1

12.5

30-May-08

Acute neurotoxicity rat study; a NOAEL of 12.5 mg/kg bw was based on reduced bodyweight gain and food consumption at the next higher dose.

Ipconazole

18-Jan-10

ARfD considered to be unnecessary due to its low oral toxicity or the absence of any developmental toxicity after a single dose.

Isofetamid

3

300

9-Mar-17

Developmental rabbit study; a NOAEL of 300 mg/kg bw/d is based on reduced maternal bodyweight gain early in gestation at the next higher dose.

Isopyrazam

0.3

30

24-May-16

Rat acute neurotoxicity study; a NOAEL of 30 mg/kg bw was based on clinical signs of toxicity (weak appearance and decreased activity).

Isoxaflutole

10-May-17

ARfD considered to be unnecessary due to its low oral toxicity and the absence of any developmental toxicity after a single dose.

Ivermectin

0.2

1.5

31-Jan-18

Human clinical trial; absence of any effects at the highest tested dose of 1.5 mg/kg bw.

K

Kresoxim-methyl

10-May-17

ARfD considered to be unnecessary due to its low oral toxicity and the absence of any developmental toxicity after a single dose.

Ketoprofen

0.001

0.1

8-Dec-00

Acute pharmacological rabbit study; a NOAEL of 0.1 mg/kg bw was based on inhibition of platelet aggregation at the next higher dose.

L

Lactobacillus acidophilus

4-Sep-02

ARfD unnecessary. Naturally occurring organism - residues from its use are unlikely to be distinguishable from naturally occurring background levels of the organism.

Lactobacillus brevis

4-Sep-02

ARfD unnecessary. Naturally occurring organism - residues from its use are unlikely to be distinguishable from naturally occurring background levels of the organism.

Lactobacillus casei

4-Sep-02

ARfD unnecessary. Naturally occurring organism - residues from its use are unlikely to be distinguishable from naturally occurring background levels of the organism.

Lactobacillus plantarum

4-Sep-02

ARfD unnecessary. Naturally occurring organism - residues from its use are unlikely to be distinguishable from naturally occurring background levels of the organism.

Lignocaine

10-Feb-17

ARfD considered to be unnecessary due to its low oral toxicity or the absence of any developmental toxicity after a single dose.

Lufenuron

10-May-17

ARfD considered to be unnecessary due to its low oral toxicity and the absence of any developmental toxicity after a single dose.

M

Maldison

1.5

15

12-Apr-05

Acute oral human study; a NOAEL of 15 mg/kg bw was based on inhibition of RBC and plasma ChE activity at the higher dose.

Mandestrobin

30-Mar-16

ARfD considered to be unnecessary due to its low oral toxicity or the absence of any developmental toxicity after a single dose.

Mandipropamid

09-Apr-10

ARfD considered to be unnecessary due to its low oral toxicity or the absence of any developmental toxicity after a single dose.

Mecoprop

0.5

50

17-Jan-01

Developmental rat study; a NOAEL of 50 mg/kg bw/d was based on embryolethality and foetotoxicity (lower bodyweight and shorter CR length) at the next higher dose.

ARfD for mecoprop only applies to women of child-bearing age. An ARfD for the general population is considered to be unnecessary.

Mecoprop-p

0.5

50

17-Jan-01

Developmental rat study; a NOAEL of 50 mg/kg bw/d was based on embryolethality and foetotoxicity (lower bodyweight and shorter CR length) at the next higher dose.

ARfD for mecoprop-p only applies to women of child-bearing age. An ARfD for the general population is considered to be unnecessary.

Meloxicam

0.004

0.04

04-Aug-04

Human clinical trial; a pharmacological NOAEL of 0.04 mg/kg bw/d was based on increased blood pressure, pulse rate and ECG at higher doses.

Mesosulfuron-methyl

18-Jan-17

ARfD considered to be unnecessary due to its low oral toxicity or the absence of any developmental toxicity after a single dose.

Mesotrione

10-May-17

ARfD considered to be unnecessary due to its low oral toxicity and the absence of any developmental toxicity after a single dose.

Metalaxyl

10-May-17

ARfD considered to be unnecessary due to its low oral toxicity and the absence of any developmental toxicity after a single dose.

Metazachlor

15-Jul-16

ARfD considered to be unnecessary due to its low oral toxicity or the absence of any developmental toxicity after a single dose.

Methamidophos

0.003

0.3

30-Jan-04

Acute neurotoxicity rat study; a NOAEL of 0.3 mg/kg bw was based on plasma, RBC and brain ChE inhibition at the next higher dose.

Methidathion

0.01

1

31-May-04

Acute neurotoxicity rat study; a NOAEL of 1 mg/kg bw was based on RBC and brain ChE inhibition at the next higher dose.

Methiocarb

0.005

0.5

4-Dec-17

Developmental rat study; a NOAEL of 0.5 mg/kg bw/d was based on clinical signs (muscle fasciculations) at the next higher dose.

Methoprene

10-May-17

ARfD considered to be unnecessary due to its low oral toxicity and the absence of any developmental toxicity after a single dose.

Methoxyfenozide

12-Jan-01

ARfD considered to be unnecessary due to its low oral toxicity or the absence of any developmental toxicity after a single dose.

1-Methylcyclopropene

10-Oct-03

There was insufficient information to establish an ARfD, however, based on its proposed pattern of use the dietary intake is likely to be low.

Metrafenone

13-Apr-10

ARfD considered to be unnecessary due to its low oral toxicity or the absence of any developmental toxicity after a single dose.

Metribuzin

18-Jan-17

ARfD considered to be unnecessary due to its low oral toxicity or the absence of any developmental toxicity after a single dose.

Mevinphos

0.003

0.025

05-Dec-00

28-day human volunteer study; a NOAEL of 0.025 mg/kg bw/d was based on inhibition of RBC ChE activity and clinical signs at the next higher dose.

Milbemectin

0.06

6

29-Apr-05

Developmental rat study; a NOAEL of 6 mg/kg bw/d was based on reduced maternal bodyweight gain at the next higher dose. 

ARfD for milbemectin only applies to women of child-bearing age. An ARfD for the general population is considered to be unnecessary.

Monepantel

31-Aug-09

ARfD considered to be unnecessary due to its low oral toxicity or the absence of any developmental toxicity after a single dose.

Moxidectin

0.01

1

28-Mar-02

28-day dietary dog study and developmental rabbit study; a NOAEL of 1 mg/kg bw/d was based on neurotoxicity at the next higher dose (in dogs); and maternal toxicity (reduced weight gain) at the next higher dose (in rabbits).

N

Niclosamide

20-Sep-16

ARfD considered to be unnecessary due to its low oral toxicity or the absence of any developmental toxicity after a single dose.

Novaluron

17-Jan-01

ARfD considered to be unnecessary due to its low oral toxicity or the absence of any developmental toxicity after a single dose.

Nuclear polyhedrosis virus of helicoverpa armigera occlusion bodies

17-Dec-03

ARfD unnecessary. Naturally occurring organism - residues from its use are unlikely to be distinguishable from naturally occurring background levels of the organism.

O

Omethoate

0.003

0.25

20-Oct-05

Acute neurotoxicity rat study; a NOAEL of 0.25 mg/kg bw was based on plasma ChE inhibition at the next higher dose.

O-phenylphenol (see 2-phenylphenol)

Oxathiapiprolin

30-Jul-15

ARfD considered to be unnecessary due to its low oral toxicity or the absence of any developmental toxicity after a single dose.

Oxytetracycline

10-Oct-16

ARfD considered to be unnecessary due to its low oral toxicity or the absence of any developmental toxicity after a single dose.

P

Paraquat

0.004

0.45

27-Jun-03

1-year chronic feeding dog study; a NOAEL of 0.45 mg/kg bw/d was based on the likelihood that the observed pulmonary lesions would also occur after an acute exposure at the next higher dose.

Penflufen

0.5

50

10-Oct-12

Acute neurotoxicity rat study; a NOAEL of 50 mg/kg bw was based on decreased motor and locomotor activity at the next higher dose.

Phenmedipham

13-Apr-11

ARfD considered to be unnecessary due to its low oral toxicity or the absence of any developmental toxicity after a single dose.

2-Phenylphenol

31-Jul-03

ARfD considered to be unnecessary due to its low oral toxicity or the absence of any developmental toxicity after a single dose. (JMPR'99)

Penthiopyrad

1

125

10-Feb-17

Acute oral neurotoxicity rat study; a NOAEL of 125 mg/kg bw was based on clinical signs (decreased motor activity, decreased body temp, hunched postion and unsteady gait) at the next higher dose.

Pinoxaden

0.3

30

29-Aug-05

Developmental toxicity rabbit study; a NOAEL of 30 mg/kg bw/d was based on early resorption, implantation loss, lower number of live births and reduced foetal weight at the next higher dose.  

ARfD for pinoxaden only applies to women of child-bearing age. An ARfD for the general population is considered to be unnecessary.

Porcine gonadotrophins

25-Jun-02

ARfD considered to be unnecessary due to its low oral toxicity or the absence of any developmental toxicity after a single dose.

Procymidone

0.1

12.5

10-May-17

Developmental toxicity rat study; a NOAEL of 12.5 mg/kg bw/d was based on an increased incidence of hypospadias at the next higher dose.

ARfD for procymidone only applies to women of child-bearing age. An ARfD for the general population is considered to be unnecessary.

Profoxydim

29-Nov-06

ARfD considered to be unnecessary due to its low oral toxicity or the absence of any developmental toxicity after a single dose.

Prohexadione-calcium

18-Jan-17

ARfD considered to be unnecessary due to its low oral toxicity or the absence of any developmental toxicity after a single dose.

Propamocarb

2

200

26-Nov-15

Acute neurotoxicity rat study; a NOAEL of 200 mg/kg bw was based on a reduced activity 1 h after dosing at the next higher dose.

Propargite

10-May-17

ARfD considered to be unnecessary due to its low oral toxicity and the absence of any developmental toxicity after a single dose.

Propineb

0.003

0.32

22-Feb-17

Developmental rat study; a NOAEL of 0.32 mg/kg bw/d was based on skeletal variations at the next higher dose.

This group ARfD value which includes propineb and propylene thiourea (PTU) only applies to women of child-bearing age. An ARfD for the general population is considered to be unnecessary.

Propylene oxide

0.4

205

21-Apr-06

Inhalation developmental toxicity rat study; a NOAEC of 300 ppm (equivalent to NOAEL of 205 mg/kg bw/d) was based on increased incidence of 7th cervical rib at the next higher dose.

ARfD for propylene oxide only applies to women of child-bearing age. An ARfD for the general population is considered to be unnecessary.

Propylene thiourea (PTU)

0.003

0.32

22-Feb-17

See group ARfD for Propineb.

40

Proquinazid

1

100

10-Feb-17

Acute neurotoxicity rat study; a NOAEL of 100 mg/kg bw was based on reduced motor activity at the next higher dose.

Prosulfocarb

0.4

40

30-Jul-07

Acute neurotoxicity rat study; a NOAEL of 40 mg/kg bw was based on reduced motor activity at the next higher dose.

Prothioconazole

0.03

3

28-May-08

Developmental rat study; a NOAEL of 3 mg/kg bw/d was based on increased incidence of 14th rib, increased resorptions and cleft palate at the next higher dose.

ARfD for prothioconazole only applies to women of child-bearing age. An ARfD for the general population is considered to be unnecessary. Since the residue definition for risk assessment in all commodities is expressed as prothioconazole-desthio and this metabolite is of higher toxicity than the parent, a group ARfD was established to include prothioconazole-desthio.

Pydiflumetofen

21-Feb-17

ARfD considered to be unnecessary due to its low oral toxicity or the absence of any developmental toxicity after a single dose.

Pyraclostrobin

0.05

5

26-Jun-08

Developmental rabbit study; a NOAEL of 5 mg/kg bw/d was based on early resorptions at the next higher dose.

ARfD for pyraclostrobin only applies to women of child-bearing age. An ARfD for the general population is considered to be unnecessary.

Pyraflufen-ethyl

0.2

20

17-Dec-04

Developmental rabbit study; a NOAEL of 20 mg/kg bw/d was based on increased maternal mortality and morbidity at the next higher dose.

Pyrasulfotole

0.2

200 [LOAEL]

20-Aug-08

Acute neurotoxicity rat study; based on decreased motor and locomotor activity at a LOAEL of 200 mg/kg bw.

Pyrethrins

0.2

20

31-Jul-03

Acute neurotoxicity rat study; a NOAEL of 20 mg/kg bw was based on neurotoxicity observed at the next higher dose.

Adopted from JMPR ‘99.

Pyridalyl

29-Apr-04

ARfD considered to be unnecessary due to its low oral toxicity or the absence of any developmental toxicity after a single dose.

Pyrimethanil

10-Feb-17

ARfD considered to be unnecessary due to its low oral toxicity or the absence of any developmental toxicity after a single dose.

Pyriofenone

26-Nov-14

ARfD considered to be unnecessary due to its low oral toxicity or the absence of any developmental toxicity after a single dose.

Pyroxasulfone

27-Jun-13

Pyroxsulam

14-Apr-08

ARfD considered to be unnecessary due to its low oral toxicity or the absence of any developmental toxicity after a single dose.

Q

Quinclorac

2

200

13-Sep-04

Acute oral toxicity gavage mouse study; a NOAEL of 200 mg/kg bw was based on clinical signs at the next higher dose.

Quinoxyfen

15-Jan-02

ARfD considered to be unnecessary due to its low oral toxicity or the absence of any developmental toxicity after a single dose.

R

Ractopamine hydrochloride

0.001

0.13

30-Jul-02

Human study; a NOAEL of 0.13 mg/kg bw was based on increased heart rate at the next higher dose.

S

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

04-Sep-02

ARfD unnecessary. Naturally occurring organism - residues from its use are unlikely to be distinguishable from naturally occurring background levels of the organism.

Saflufenacil

0.05

5

13-Feb-17

Developmental rat study; a NOAEL of 5 mg/kg bw/d was based on an increased incidence of bent scapula and wavy ribs in the absence of maternal toxicity at the next higher dose.

ARfD for salflufenacil only applies to women of child-bearing age. An ARfD for the general population is considered to be unnecessary.

Spinetoram

05-May-08

ARfD considered to be unnecessary due to its low oral toxicity or the absence of any developmental toxicity after a single dose.

Spinosad

10-May-17

ARfD considered to be unnecessary due to its low oral toxicity or the absence of any developmental toxicity after a single dose.

Spirotetramat

1

100

26-May-08

Acute neurotoxicity rat study; a NOAEL of 100 mg/kg bw was based on clinical signs and decreased motor activity at the next higher dose.

Spiroxamine

0.2

20

02-Jul-01

Acute neurotoxicity rat study; a NOAEL of 20 mg/kg bw was based on decrease in landing footsplay at the next higher dose.

Streptomyces lydicus

07-Jun-16

ARfD unnecessary. Naturally occurring organism - residues from its use are unlikely to be distinguishable from naturally occurring background levels of the organism.

Sulfoxaflor

0.25

25

27-Jun-13

Acute oral neurotoxicity rat study; a NOAEL of 25 mg/kg bw was based on decreased motor activity at the next higher dose.

Sulfuryl Fluoride

0.3

31

24-Aug-06

Acute inhalational neurotoxicity rat study; a NOAEL of 31 mg/kg bw (300 ppm) was based on the absence of any observed effects at the highest tested concentration of 300 ppm.

T

Tebuconazole

11-Dec-18

Total uncertainty factor applied was 100.

Tepraloxydim

13-Feb-17

ARfD considered to be unnecessary due to its low oral toxicity or the absence of any developmental toxicity after a single dose.

Terbuthylazine

04-May-01

ARfD considered to be unnecessary due to its low oral toxicity or the absence of any developmental toxicity after a single dose.

Tetraconazole

0.2

16

12-Dec-02

4-week dietary rat study; a NOAEL of 16 mg/kg bw/d was based on clinical signs at the next higher dose.

Thiacloprid

0.03

3.1

20-Jul-01

Acute oral neurotoxicity rat study; a NOAEL of 3.1 mg/kg bw was based on reduced motor & locomotor activity at the next higher dose.

Thiram

0.1

10

02-Jul-10

Acute neurotoxicity rat study; a NOAEL of 10 mg/kg bw was based on reduced locomotor activity at the next higher dose.

Tilmicosin

0.4

36

29-Aug-02

7-day oral dosing (capsule) dog study; a NOAEL of 10 mg/kg bw/d was based on the absence of clinical signs  (ataxia, dyspnoea, bilateral mydriasis) during the first 4 days of dosing. 

Tolfenamic acid

0.005

[0.5]

16-Jan-01

Lowest effective therapeutic dose (as a single dose) for treatment of pyresis in children.

Topramezone

16-Jun-16

ARfD considered to be unnecessary due to its low oral toxicity or the absence of any developmental toxicity after a single dose.

Trifloxystrobin

10-May-17

ARfD considered to be unnecessary due to its low oral toxicity or the absence of any developmental toxicity after a single dose.

Trifloxysulfuron

13-Feb-17

ARfD considered to be unnecessary due to its low oral toxicity or the absence of any developmental toxicity after a single dose.

Trinexapac-ethyl

10-May-17

ARfD considered to be unnecessary due to its low oral toxicity or the absence of any developmental toxicity after a single dose.

Tulathromycin

0.1

100

16-Aug-06

Acute tolerance dog study; a LOAEL of 100 mg/kg bw was based on the occurrence of emesis and loose stools.

U

Ulocladium oudemansii

12-Dec-03

ARfD unnecessary. Naturally occurring organism - residues from its use are unlikely to be distinguishable from naturally occurring background levels of the organism.

Z

Zilpaterol

0.00004

0.00076[LOAEL]

24-Oct-16

Single dose human study; a LOAEL of 0.05 mg/person (equal to 0.00076 mg/kg bw) was based on the observation of tremors at the lowest tested dose.